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ISTQB CT-AI Exam Syllabus Topics:

Topic	Details
Topic 1	Testing AI-Based Systems Overview: In this section, focus is given to how system specifications for AI-based systems can create challenges in testing and explain automation bias and how this affects testing.
Topic 2	ML: Data: This section of the exam covers explaining the activities and challenges related to data preparation. It also covers how to test datasets create an ML model and recognize how poor data quality can cause problems with the resultant ML model.
Topic 3	Testing AI-Specific Quality Characteristics: In this section, the topics covered are about the challenges in testing created by the self-learning of AI-based systems.
Topic 4	Introduction to AI: This exam section covers topics such as the AI effect and how it influences the definition of AI. It covers how to distinguish between narrow AI, general AI, and super AI; moreover, the topics covered include describing how standards apply to AI-based systems.
Topic 5	Machine Learning ML: This section includes the classification and regression as part of supervised learning, explaining the factors involved in the selection of ML algorithms, and demonstrating underfitting and overfitting.
Topic 6	Methods and Techniques for the Testing of AI-Based Systems: In this section, the focus is on explaining how the testing of ML systems can help prevent adversarial attacks and data poisoning.
Topic 7	Test Environments for AI-Based Systems: This section is about factors that differentiate the test environments for AI-based

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ISTQB Certified Tester AI Testing Exam Sample Questions (Q11-Q16):

NEW QUESTION # 11
You have access to the training data that was used to train an AI-based system. You can review this information and use it as a guideline when creating your tests. What type of characteristic is this?

A. Transparency
B. Explorability
C. Autonomy
D. Accessibility

Answer: A

Explanation:
AI-based systems can sometimes behave likeblack boxes, where the internal decision-making process is unclear.Transparencyrefers to theability to inspect and understand the training data, algorithms, and decision- making processof the AI system.
* Transparency ensures that testers and stakeholders can review how an AI system was trained.
* Access totraining datais a key factor in transparency because it allows testers toanalyze biases, completeness, and representativenessof the dataset.
* Transparency is an essential characteristic of explainable AI (XAI).
* Having access to training data means that testers can investigate how data influences AI behavior.
* Regulatory and ethical AI guidelines emphasize transparency.
* Many AI ethics frameworks, such asGDPR and Trustworthy AI guidelines, recommend transparency to ensurefair and explainable AI decision-making.
* (A) Autonomy#
* Autonomy refers to an AI system's ability to make decisions independentlywithout human intervention. However,having access to training data does not relate to autonomy, which is more about self-learning and decision-making without human control.
* (B) Explorability#
* Explorability refers to the ability to test AI systems interactivelyto understand their behavior, but it does not directly relate to accessing training data.
* (D) Accessibility#
* Accessibility refers to the ease with which people can use the system, not the ability to inspect the training data.
* Transparency is the ease with which the training data and algorithm used to generate a model can be understood."Transparency: This is considered to be the ease with which the algorithm and training data used to generate the model can be determined." Why is Option C Correct?Why Other Options are Incorrect?References from ISTQB Certified Tester AI Testing Study GuideThus,option C is the correct answer, astransparency involves access to training data, allowing testers to understand AI decision-making processes.

NEW QUESTION # 12
The activation value output for a neuron in a neural network is obtained by applying computation to the neuron.
Which ONE of the following options BEST describes the inputs used to compute the activation value?
SELECT ONE OPTION

A. Individual bias at the neuron level, activation values of neurons in the previous layer, and weights assigned to the connections between the neurons.
B. Activation values of neurons in the previous layer, and weights assigned to the connections between the neurons.
C. Individual bias at the neuron level, and activation values of neurons in the previous layer.
D. Individual bias at the neuron level, and weights assigned to the connections between the neurons.

Answer: A

Explanation:
In a neural network, the activation value of a neuron is determined by a combination of inputs from the previous layer, the weights of the connections, and the bias at the neuron level. Here's a detailed breakdown:
Inputs for Activation Value:
Activation Values of Neurons in the Previous Layer: These are the outputs from neurons in the preceding layer that serve as inputs to the current neuron.
Weights Assigned to the Connections: Each connection between neurons has an associated weight, which determines the strength and direction of the input signal.
Individual Bias at the Neuron Level: Each neuron has a bias value that adjusts the input sum, allowing the activation function to be shifted.
Calculation:
The activation value is computed by summing the weighted inputs from the previous layer and adding the bias.
Formula: z=∑(wiai)+bz = sum (w_i cdot a_i) + bz=∑(wiai)+b, where wiw_iwi are the weights, aia_iai are the activation values from the previous layer, and bbb is the bias.
The activation function (e.g., sigmoid, ReLU) is then applied to this sum to get the final activation value.
Why Option A is Correct:
Option A correctly identifies all components involved in computing the activation value: the individual bias, the activation values of the previous layer, and the weights of the connections.
Eliminating Other Options:
B . Activation values of neurons in the previous layer, and weights assigned to the connections between the neurons: This option misses the bias, which is crucial.
C . Individual bias at the neuron level, and weights assigned to the connections between the neurons: This option misses the activation values from the previous layer.
D . Individual bias at the neuron level, and activation values of neurons in the previous layer: This option misses the weights, which are essential.
Reference:
ISTQB CT-AI Syllabus, Section 6.1, Neural Networks, discusses the components and functioning of neurons in a neural network.
"Neural Network Activation Functions" (ISTQB CT-AI Syllabus, Section 6.1.1).

NEW QUESTION # 13
Before deployment of an AI based system, a developer is expected to demonstrate in a test environment how decisions are made. Which of the following characteristics does decision making fall under?

A. Non-determinism
B. Explainability
C. Autonomy
D. Self-learning

Answer: B

Explanation:
Explainability in AI-based systems refers to the ease with which users can determine how the system reaches a particular result. It is a crucial aspect when demonstrating AI decision-making, as it ensures that decisions made by AI models are transparent, interpretable, and understandable by stakeholders.
Before deploying an AI-based system, a developer must validate how decisions are made in a test environment. This process falls under the characteristic of explainability because it involves clarifying how an AI model arrives at its conclusions, which helps build trust in the system and meet regulatory and ethical requirements.
* ISTQB CT-AI Syllabus (Section 2.7: Transparency, Interpretability, and Explainability)
* "Explainability is considered to be the ease with which users can determine how the AI-based system comes up with a particular result".
* "Most users are presented with AI-based systems as 'black boxes' and have little awareness of how these systems arrive at their results. This ignorance may even apply to the data scientists who built the systems. Occasionally, users may not even be aware they are interacting with an AI- based system".
* ISTQB CT-AI Syllabus (Section 8.6: Testing the Transparency, Interpretability, and Explainability of AI-based Systems)
* "Testing the explainability of AI-based systems involves verifying whether users can understand and validate AI-generated decisions. This ensures that AI systems remain accountable and do not make incomprehensible or biased decisions".
* Contrast with Other Options:
* Autonomy (B): Autonomy relates to an AI system's ability to operate independently without human oversight. While decision-making is a key function of autonomy, the focus here is on demonstrating the reasoning behind decisions, which falls under explainability rather than autonomy.
* Self-learning (C): Self-learning systems adapt based on previous data and experiences, which is different from making decisions understandable to humans.
* Non-determinism (D): AI-based systems are often probabilistic and non-deterministic, meaning they do not always produce the same output for the same input. This can make testing and validation more challenging, but it does not relate to explaining the decision-making process.
Supporting References from ISTQB Certified Tester AI Testing Study Guide:Conclusion:Since the question explicitly asks about the characteristic under which decision-making falls when being demonstrated before deployment,explainability is the correct choicebecause it ensures that AI decisions are transparent, understandable, and accountable to stakeholders.

NEW QUESTION # 14
A company is using a spam filter to attempt to identify which emails should be marked as spam. Detection rules are created by the filter that causes a message to be classified as spam. An attacker wishes to have all messages internal to the company be classified as spam. So, the attacker sends messages with obvious red flags in the body of the email and modifies the from portion of the email to make it appear that the emails have been sent by company members. The testers plan to use exploratory data analysis (EDA) to detect the attack and use this information to prevent future adversarial attacks.
How could EDA be used to detect this attack?

A. EDA cannot be used to detect the attack.
B. EDA can restrict how many inputs can be provided by unique users.
C. EDA can detect and remove the false emails.
D. EDA can help detect the outlier emails from the real emails.

Answer: D

Explanation:
Exploratory Data Analysis (EDA) is an essential technique for examining datasets to uncover patterns, trends, and anomalies, including outliers. In this case, the attacker manipulates the spam filter by injecting emails with red flags and masking them as internal company emails. The primary goal of EDA here is to detect these adversarial modifications.
* Detecting Outliers:
* EDA techniques such as statistical analysis, clustering, and visualization can reveal patterns in email metadata (e.g., sender details, email content, frequency).
* Outlier detection methods like Z-score, IQR (Interquartile Range), or machine learning-based anomaly detection can identify emails that significantly deviate from typical internal communications.
* Identifying Distribution Shifts:
* By analyzing the frequency and characteristics of emails flagged as spam, testers can detect if the attack has introduced unusual patterns.
* If a surge of internal emails is suddenly classified as spam, EDA can help verify whether these classifications are consistent with historical data.
* Feature Analysis for Adversarial Patterns:
* EDA enables visualization techniques such as scatter plots or histograms to distinguish normal emails from manipulated ones.
* Examining email metadata (e.g., changes in headers, unusual wording in email bodies) can reveal adversarial tactics.
* Counteracting Adversarial Attacks:
* Once anomalies are identified, the spam filter's detection rules can be improved by retraining the model on corrected datasets.
* The adversarial examples can be added to the training data to enhance the robustness of the filter against future attacks.
* Exploratory Data Analysis (EDA) is used to detect outliers and adversarial attacks."EDA is where data are examined for patterns, relationships, trends, and outliers. It involves the interactive, hypothesis-driven exploration of data."
* EDA can identify poisoned or manipulated data by detecting anomalies and distribution shifts.
"Testing to detect data poisoning is possible using EDA, as poisoned data may show up as outliers."
* EDA helps validate ML models and detect potential vulnerabilities."The use of exploratory techniques, primarily driven by data visualization, can help validate the ML algorithm being used, identify changes that result in efficient models, and leverage domain expertise." References from ISTQB Certified Tester AI Testing Study GuideThus,option A is the correct answer, as EDA is specifically useful for detecting outliers, which can help identify manipulated spam emails.

NEW QUESTION # 15
A ML engineer is trying to determine the correctness of the new open-source implementation *X", of a supervised regression algorithm implementation. R-Square is one of the functional performance metrics used to determine the quality of the model.
Which ONE of the following would be an APPROPRIATE strategy to achieve this goal?
SELECT ONE OPTION

A. Add 10% of the rows randomly and create another model and compare the R-Square scores of both the model.
B. Drop 10% of the rows randomly and create another model and compare the R-Square scores of both the models.
C. Train various models by changing the order of input features and verify that the R-Square score of these models vary significantly.
D. Compare the R-Square score of the model obtained using two different implementations that utilize two different programming languages while using the same algorithm and the same training and testing data.

Answer: D

Explanation:
* A. Add 10% of the rows randomly and create another model and compare the R-Square scores of both the models.
* Adding more data to the training set can affect the R-Square score, but it does not directly verify the correctness of the implementation.
* B. Train various models by changing the order of input features and verify that the R-Square score of these models vary significantly.
* Changing the order of input features should not significantly affect the R-Square score if the implementation is correct, but this approach is more about testing model robustness rather than correctness of the implementation.
* C. Compare the R-Square score of the model obtained using two different implementations that utilize two different programming languages while using the same algorithm and the same training and testing data.
* This approach directly compares the performance of two implementations of the same algorithm.
If both implementations produce similar R-Square scores on the same training and testing data, it suggests that the new implementation "X" is correct.
* D. Drop 10% of the rows randomly and create another model and compare the R-Square scores of both the models.
* Dropping data can lead to variations in the R-Square score but does not directly verify the correctness of the implementation.
Therefore, optionCis the most appropriate strategy because it directly compares the performance of the new implementation "X" with another implementation using the same algorithm and datasets, which helps in verifying the correctness of the implementation.

NEW QUESTION # 16
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CT-AI Reliable Learning Materials - CT-AI Key Concepts

ISTQB CT-AI Exam Syllabus Topics:

ISTQB certification CT-AI exam training programs

ISTQB Certified Tester AI Testing Exam Sample Questions (Q11-Q16):